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    Classic and High-Enthalpy Hypersonic Flows presents a complete look at high-enthalpy hypersonic flow from a review of classic theories to a discussion of future advances centering around the Born-Oppenheim approximation, potential energy surface, and critical point for transition.The state-of-the-art hypersonic flows are defined by a seamless integration of the classic gas dynamic kinetics with nonequilibrium chemical kinetics, quantum transitions, and radiative heat transfer.The book is intended for graduate students studying advanced aerodynamics and taking courses in hypersonic flow.It can also serve as a professional reference for practicing aerospace and mechanical engineers of high-speed aerospace vehicles and propulsion system research, design, and evaluation. Features Presents a comprehensive review of classic hypersonic flow from the Newtonian theory to blast wave analogue. Introduces nonequilibrium chemical kinetics to gas dynamics for hypersonic flows in the high-enthalpy state. Integrates quantum mechanics to high-enthalpy hypersonic flows including dissociation and ionization. Covers the complete heat transfer process with radiative energy transfer for thermal protection of earth reentry vehicle. Develops and verifies the interdisciplinary governing equations for understanding and analyzing realistic hypersonic flows.

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  • Renewable Energy & Green Technology
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  • Solar Photovoltaic : Skills2Learn Renewable Energy Workbook
    Solar Photovoltaic : Skills2Learn Renewable Energy Workbook

    Developed in partnership between Skills2Learn and Cengage Learning, this highly interactive workbook can be used as a resource tool for all introductory renewable energy vocational qualifications and apprenticeships.This unique workbook is designed to consolidate learners’ theoretical knowledge prior to undertaking practical workshop exercises.Solar Photovoltaic provides learners with a thorough insight into renewable energies including the different types of heat and electricity producing technologies, the selection process, incentives and government policies. Part of the Renewable Energy Series, this unique write-in workbook can also be used alongside the Skills2Learn Solar Photovoltaic virtual reality e-learning programme making this a first-of-its-kind, fully integrated blended learning solution.

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  • Is solar energy renewable?

    Yes, solar energy is renewable because it is derived from the sun, which is a virtually limitless source of energy. The sun's energy is constantly being replenished and will continue to do so for billions of years. This makes solar energy a sustainable and renewable source of power that can be harnessed for electricity generation and other applications.

  • What is the difference between standard enthalpy of formation, enthalpy of formation, and reaction enthalpy?

    The standard enthalpy of formation is the enthalpy change that occurs when one mole of a compound is formed from its elements in their standard states. Enthalpy of formation is the enthalpy change that occurs when one mole of a compound is formed from its elements in their standard states, but it can be under non-standard conditions. Reaction enthalpy is the enthalpy change that occurs in a chemical reaction, which can be exothermic (heat is released) or endothermic (heat is absorbed).

  • What is enthalpy?

    Enthalpy is a thermodynamic property of a system that represents the total energy of the system, including its internal energy and the energy required to maintain constant pressure. It is often denoted as H and is expressed in units of joules. Enthalpy is important in understanding and analyzing processes such as chemical reactions and phase changes, as it provides a measure of the heat content of a system. In practical terms, enthalpy change is often used to quantify the heat absorbed or released during a process at constant pressure.

  • What is the difference between internal energy and enthalpy?

    Internal energy is the sum of all the kinetic and potential energies of the particles within a system, while enthalpy is the internal energy plus the product of pressure and volume of the system. Enthalpy is often used to measure the heat content of a system at constant pressure, while internal energy is used to measure the total energy of a system. In a chemical reaction, the change in enthalpy is equal to the heat exchanged with the surroundings, while the change in internal energy is equal to the heat exchanged plus the work done on or by the system.

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  • Renewable Energy Engineering
    Renewable Energy Engineering

    Fully revised and updated, this second edition provides students with a quantitative and accessible introduction to the renewable technologies at the heart of efforts to build a sustainable future.Key features include new chapters on essential topics in energy storage, off-grid systems, microgrids and community energy; revised chapters on energy and grid fundamentals, wind energy, hydro power, photovoltaic and solar thermal energy, marine energy and bioenergy; appendices on foundational topics in electrical engineering, heat transfer and fluid dynamics; discussion of how real-world projects are developed, constructed and operated; over 60 worked examples linking theory to real-world engineering applications; and over 150 end-of-chapter homework problems, with solutions for instructors.Accompanied online at www.cambridge.org/jenkins2e by extended exercises and datasets, enabling instructors to create unique projects and coursework, this new edition remains the ideal multi-disciplinary introduction to renewable energy, for senior undergraduate and graduate students in engineering and the physical sciences.

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  • What is the difference between bond enthalpy and formation enthalpy?

    Bond enthalpy is the energy required to break a specific chemical bond in a molecule, while formation enthalpy is the energy change when one mole of a compound is formed from its elements in their standard states. Bond enthalpy is specific to a particular bond within a molecule, while formation enthalpy is a measure of the overall energy change in forming a compound. Bond enthalpy is typically measured in kilojoules per mole (kJ/mol), while formation enthalpy is also measured in kilojoules per mole (kJ/mol).

  • How to calculate the reaction enthalpy from the molar bond enthalpy?

    To calculate the reaction enthalpy from the molar bond enthalpy, you need to consider the difference between the sum of the bond enthalpies of the reactants and the sum of the bond enthalpies of the products. First, calculate the total bond enthalpy of all the bonds broken in the reactants, and then calculate the total bond enthalpy of all the bonds formed in the products. The reaction enthalpy is then the difference between these two values, with the bond enthalpies of the products subtracted from the bond enthalpies of the reactants. This calculation allows you to determine whether a reaction is exothermic (releasing heat) or endothermic (absorbing heat).

  • What is the difference between standard formation enthalpy and enthalpy change?

    Standard formation enthalpy is the enthalpy change that occurs when one mole of a compound is formed from its elements in their standard states. It is a specific type of enthalpy change that is measured under standard conditions. Enthalpy change, on the other hand, is a more general term that refers to the overall change in enthalpy of a system during a chemical reaction or process, regardless of whether it involves formation of a compound or not. Enthalpy change can be positive (endothermic) or negative (exothermic), depending on whether energy is absorbed or released during the process.

  • What is Hess's law for standard formation enthalpy and combustion enthalpy?

    Hess's law states that the total enthalpy change for a reaction is the same regardless of the number of steps taken to reach the final products. This principle can be applied to standard formation enthalpies and combustion enthalpies by using a series of known enthalpy changes to calculate the overall enthalpy change for a reaction. By manipulating and combining these known enthalpies, Hess's law allows us to determine the enthalpy change for reactions that may not be easily measured directly.

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